FIRST AIDS OBJECTIVES:
- 1.
Keep alive the person.
- 2.
Minimice complications (physical & psychological ).
- 3.
Help in the recovery.
Always we must keep in
mind P.C.H.:
1st)
PROTECTION: we must
protect ourselves, others and the injured one.
- For that: be calm, watch
carefully the scenario-surroindings, think & then do things.
2nd)
CALL for help.
EXCEPTION: Huge
bleeding, unconcious or great short of breething (becoming blue or very
week) -> in these cases we shall help
to stabilize the injured and then call.
3rd)
HELP: in case there are more than one injured we must help first the most
seriously injured (normally the ones that do not shout-look sleepy are worst).
Principals in First Aids:
– Ask him/her what is his
name, what happened, where it is
painfull…
– If he/she does not respond
check for his/her counciousness and try to find out who is he/she.
– Talk to him/her: calm and encourage her/him.
– In case there are broken
bones DO NOT MOVE him/her UNTIL
the arm/leg/neck/back is INMOVILIZED.
– DO NOT GIVE anything to eat
nor DRINK until he/she keep conciousness for a while.
First steps to keep
him/her alive!
1) Conciousness: if he/she does not reack after our
shout we have to prick his skin b the
cheeks or tronc. If still no reacting we will conclude: unconcious!
- If
he/she does reack to the prick but not to the shouting we will say “the person
is half unconcious” (like a very
drunk person).
2) Breathing: if unnconciouss we have to bend the
neck backwards* and look, listen and
feel for any sign of the air passing thruough for 10 seconds and then:
-
Unconcious or half unconcious who does breath-> LLP*.
-
Unconcious who does not breath at all-> CPR**.
3) If thre is a big bleeding (checkin under his/her trousers…).
Look, listen and feel
for the breathing:
Exception:
if there is big trauma (hit) to the neck. We´ll check for the breathing without moving
him/her.
www.nlm.nih.gov
LLP*: Lateral Laying
Position. For unconscious or half unconscious who does breath:
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http://savoir.fr/
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Exception:
if there is big trauma (hit) to the neck-spine. We´ll leave the unconscious like it is until
inmovilised for transporting to hospital.
We keep
cheking for his/her breathing.
BREATHING DIFFICULTIES:
• If someone is conscient or half conscient BUT has serious dificulties in breathing we leave:
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http://nursing.uomosul.edu.iq/
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Even if blood is coming with froth or with the cough.
• Important
to calm him/her:
- Talk to him/her calmly.
- Offering him/her something to write (not to
talk!).
CHOCKING:
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http://maggiesfarm.anotherdotcom.com
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If you are alone and chocking.
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http://www.nlm.nih.gov/
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If the person choquing is very fat, pregnant or very week (we can not
cope standing up):
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www.free-ed.net
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CHOKING BABY.
Give up to five back blows. Hold the baby face down along your thigh with their head lower than their bottom. Hit them firmly on their back between the shoulder blades. If back blows do not dislodge the object, move on to step two.
The back blows create a strong vibration and pressure in the airway, which is often enough to dislodge the blockage. Dislodging the object will allow them to breathe again. Ensure you support their head while you hold them in the position described above.
STEP TWO:
Give up to five chest thrusts. Turn the baby over so they are facing upwards and place two fingers in the middle of their chest just below the nipples. Push inwards and upwards up to five times. If chest thrusts do not dislodge the object, repeat steps one and two.
Chest thrusts squeeze the air out of the baby’s lungs and may dislodge the blockage.
If more than 3 cicles of back blows and chest thrust do not get the baby comencing crying you should call for help (to go to hospital) and keep doing it. If the baby becomes unconcious you should check for the the object in the throat, if you see it you should take it out with your litle finger as a hook, then insuflate 5 times (your mouth against their nose-mouth) and do chest compresions at at rhythm of the Bee Gee's song Staying Alive (90-100 per minute) alternating 2 insuflations every 30 compresions.
If someone is very
dizzy: low blood preasure, blood loss…:
www.nlm.nih.gov
- Calm
him/her.
-
Not to stand up in a 5-10min.
-
then incorporate slowly (first sitting down
and then up.
BIG BLEEDING:
First of
all protect your hands from the contact with the blood with a plastic bag.
Get a clean
cloth and press it against the wound (not to do if a piece of bone sticks out
from it).
If the
bleeding continues try to get the person lying down and elevate where the bleeding is.
If still bleeding find the blood
vessel that brings blood to that area (see picture below) and press it hard (with
your fingers, fist, elbow or even your knee, depending on your size-strength and the thickness of muscle in the area of the victim). The most typical and important ones are
in the inner part of the arm (just below the armpit, that artery brings blood
to the whole arm) and the inner part of the thigh (just below the groin, that
artery brings blood to the whole leg).
If the
bleeding continues hardly and the victim has already lost a lot of blood and/or already feels very week and lossing consciousness a tourniquet could be done;
only in the upper arm or upper leg and always above the wound. If tourniquet is
done we should:
- record the time we have done it and
bring the person to the hospital as soon
as possible; the limb may need to be amputate if we take long to get to the
hospital. (but the person will not lose any more blood) or
-
undo the torniquete for a few seconds
every 5 minutes, let it bleed, and do it again.
REMEMBER that doing a tourniquet will stop the bleeding of the arm or leg in extrem cases BUT the victim could lose the arm/leg.
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| http://blogsanidad76.blogspot.com.es/2011/06/procedimiento-ante-una-hemorragia.html |
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cursodeprimerosauxilios.wordpress.com
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IF BY ACCIDENT WE ATE OR DRUNK:
A poisoning
mushroom, to many tablets of a medicine… we should provoke the vomit as soon as
possible by any means (vomiting grass, coffee or tea with plenty of salt…)
Bleach (liquid chlorine) or any
other corrosive liquid we should:
- Drink,
at least one glass of water with the white of one egg, in small sips but
frequently. OR
- Drink,
at least one glass of milk, in small sips but frequently &
- Bring
the person to the hospital.
- DEFINETELY
WE DO NOT WANT THE PERSON TO VOMIT AS THE CORROSIVE LIQUID WILL BURN OUR
ESOPHAGOUS TWICE. The esophagus is a kind of tube that runs near from our
throat to our stomach and passes right next to our lungs and heart.
IF WE GET BURN:
FIRST OF ALL: plenty
of water over the affected area (or even better submerging it) for at least 10 minutes!!
If the area
is big or the burn deep after the has been cooled down 10minutes with water the
affected area should be covered with clean kitchen film, clean plastic bag or a wet clean cloth and the person brought
to the hospital.
If there is
no water available and only mud we should get a clean plastic thing between the
skin and the mud (in order to prevent dangerous infections from the mud).
If the burn is major do cover the whole victim to minimize the lose of heat and water from the victim's body.
SNAKE BITE:
Get the
person lying down with the affected area lower than the chest (NOT TO BE MOVED)
and call for help to transport he/she to the hospital. Try to keep the person
calm, we should transport him/her in that position.
Make the
bite bleed (compressing just above it and/ or make it a bigger wound with a
knife….).
IF THE BITE
IS BIG, IT BITED A CHILD AND/OR THE HOSPITAL IS FAR (more than 1hour) I WILL
CONSIDER DOING A TORNIQUETE.
BABY with fever and FITTING (convulsing):
Make sure
the baby has got fever.
Stay calm, let the convulsing episode to finish
and cool the child down with:
- Wet towels around the child’s naked body
(mainly around the neck, arm pit, groin and wrists).
- Even
better if we can submerge the child in
water (always allowing the child to breath).
- Antiinflamatories (paracetamol or ibuprofen in drops
for children and giving the child the dose he needs, do not overdose).
BONE, MUSCLE and JOINT accidents:
- Rest
(the person not to move the affected area).
- Immobilizing
the affected area (by using stiks, folded papers and ropes).
- Cold
to cool down the affected area 20 minutes every 2-3 hours for the following 3
days (with any frozen thing and using a cloth to avoid direct contact with the
skin).
- Elevate
the affected area every time it is possible.
SOMETHING STUCK IN ONE EYE:
If it is something
that does not cut nor puncture (little stone, dust…):
- the eye should be washed with plenty of water
and the person blinking several times or keeping the eye closed if it is
painful to blink.
If it is something that does cut or puncture (little glass, metal dust…):
BOTH EYES SHOULD BE KEPT CLOSED WITH A PIECE OF CLOTH (as in the
picture) and the person should be brought
to the hospital.
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| Flickr Fernando Garcia Aguinaco |
DIARROEAS OR LOSE STOOLS:
Anything
that is brought in to the mouth (water, food, sticks, fingers…) can bring bad
microorganisms that cause diarroea and or vomiting. Even typhoid fever or other
serious diseases.
Water is
the main cause for digestive diseases in economically developing countries; SO
IT IS VERY IMPORTANT TO DRINK ONLY WATER THAT:
- bottled and sealed containers
- is in bottles or other sealed containers.
- looks clean and has been boiled for at least 1 minute
- looks clean and has been left for 30 minutes with 1-2 drops of bleach (liquid chlorine, Javel®...) per liter of water, depending if the
bleach is 40g/l or 20g/l respectively.
- is clean and transparent water that has been left by the Sun in a 1-2 litres transparent plastic bottle on a metal roof, for at least 1 day (2 days if it is very cloudy).
HELPING YOUR BODY THROUGH WHAT YOU EAT
We, the humans, take many needed nutrients from food. Some provoque
problems if consumed too much or too little. Here some examples of commont
problems related with food (below you will see the main causes-> problems).
- Ussing to much Maggi cubes and/or salt → HYPERTENSION
(high blood preasure), kills many.
- Eating to much starch (fufu, potatos, rice, pasta, bread, corn,
cassava...)-> OBESITY (and obessity increases the risk of diabetis,
hypertension and other heart and joint problems).
- Eating to much sweets (sugar, sugar cane, sweets from the
boulangeri...)-> DIABETIS.
- Eating to little proteins (egg, milk, fish, meat, chicken,
peanuts, rice/corn/pasta+beans...), mainly for children-> little growing
and more risk of suffering other diseases (illness). Therefore we should ensure, mainly to children, that every person eats some proteins every day.
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